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Intro
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This guy really knows how they work...
-Magnets have been a mystery to humans since they were first discovered and ever since people have ask the same question, "how do they work?"
To start off let's look at what elements are attracted to magnets like iron, nickel, cobalt and some alloys of rare-earth metals.(neodymium: rare earth magnets really strong)
So what is it that makes these elements so special and why aren't all metals magnetic?
Well, it has to do with what's going on at the atomic level. So a piece of iron is made up of a bunch of specially organized bits of atoms forming a 'lattice'. This lattice just happens to have the perfect ingredients to create a magnetic moment. This combination is very precious. It has to have just the right ingredients otherwise there is no magnetic moment which is where the magic comes from. In fact, as you heat iron it feels less and less of the magnetic field because the lattice starts to deform. With the idea of this lattice, which makes up chunks of a piece of iron.(these lattices are small btw) imagine each lattice as lego piece with an arrow on it. So if you have a cube of these lego pieces the arrows (magnetic moments) would all cancel each other out(not perfectly tho). Here's a good picture if you don't like imagining.
When you introduce a magnet to this chunk of material all the arrows would align classifying it a Ferrimagnetic. Which are all things that are attracted to magnets! This may not be the exact answer to how magnets work but it is a necessary step in truly answering the big question. This is just to get the classification of types of lattices that interact with magnetic fields or create there own magnetic field. This image covers some more type of lattices
To start off let's look at what elements are attracted to magnets like iron, nickel, cobalt and some alloys of rare-earth metals.(neodymium: rare earth magnets really strong)
So what is it that makes these elements so special and why aren't all metals magnetic?
Well, it has to do with what's going on at the atomic level. So a piece of iron is made up of a bunch of specially organized bits of atoms forming a 'lattice'. This lattice just happens to have the perfect ingredients to create a magnetic moment. This combination is very precious. It has to have just the right ingredients otherwise there is no magnetic moment which is where the magic comes from. In fact, as you heat iron it feels less and less of the magnetic field because the lattice starts to deform. With the idea of this lattice, which makes up chunks of a piece of iron.(these lattices are small btw) imagine each lattice as lego piece with an arrow on it. So if you have a cube of these lego pieces the arrows (magnetic moments) would all cancel each other out(not perfectly tho). Here's a good picture if you don't like imagining.

When you introduce a magnet to this chunk of material all the arrows would align classifying it a Ferrimagnetic. Which are all things that are attracted to magnets! This may not be the exact answer to how magnets work but it is a necessary step in truly answering the big question. This is just to get the classification of types of lattices that interact with magnetic fields or create there own magnetic field. This image covers some more type of lattices

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