Items listed will fit in almost every occassion, alternative items for void staff include Abbyssal Scepter and Zhonya's hourglass.

Abbyssal scepter only when nobody builds magic resistance or the enemy team is heavy on AP
Zhonya's only when dealing with melee assassins and struggling surviving (otherwise Void staff still preferred)

Rod of Ages delays Aurelion Sol's powerspike by a large margin which is not advisable for soloqueue type of play at all brackets.

Hextech GLP-800 will provide additional burst damage and utility to keep the enemy inside your W. (Activating the item will not break your W toggle, it will remain activated)

Aurelion Sol relies heavily on bonus movement speed and slows for his kit to be effective, GLP-800 fills that gap which Rod of Ages lacks (your powerspike would not be hit until Rylai's regularly)

Rod of Ages is a viable option however should not be picked unless you do not intend on carrying.

Aurelion Sol will perform well with many secondary summoner spells however Ghost is needed to optimise the build to its full potential.

When not comfortable enough playing Aurelion Sol Barrier or Exhaust will suffice aswell.

Most other guides already provide a giant wall of text, to add another wall of roughly the same information would be unnecessary.